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<h1>02-启动选项、系统变量和状态变量</h1>

<div><span><div style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%;"><h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1. 启动选项</h3>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">启动选项：</strong></h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在程序启动时指定的设置项称之为启动选项，这些选项控制着程序启动后的行为。启动选项可以通过2种方式指定：<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">命令行</strong> 和 <strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">配置文件</strong>.</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在命令行中设置启动选项只对当次启动生效</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-1 在命令行使用选项</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">1. 通用格式：</strong> <strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">--启动选项1[=值1] --启动选项2[=值2] ... ... --启动选项n[=值n]</code></strong></p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">各启动选项间用空白字符隔开</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">对于不需要值的启动选项，比如skip-networking（是否允许客户端进程与服务器进程间使用TCP/IP协议进行通信），则不需要指定它的值；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">对于需要指定值的启动选项，比如default-storage-engine（服务器程序默认的存储引擎），则需要显示指定它的值；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在命令行中指定有值的启动选项时要注意：选项名、=、选项值之间不能有空白符</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">2. 启动选项帮助</strong>：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">每个MySQL程序都有许多不用的选项，可以通过--help选项，查看该程序支持的全部启动选项及其默认值：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">mysql --help：可以查看mysql程序支持的启动选项</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">mysql_safe --help：可以查看mysql_safe程序支持的启动选项</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">mysqld --verbose --help：查看mysqld支持的启动选项有些特别</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-2 在配置文件使用选项</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">MySQL程序在启动时会寻找多个路径下的配置文件，这些路径有的是固定的，有的是可以在命令行指定的。根据操作系统的不同，配置文件的路径也有所不同。</p>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">1-2-1 配置文件的路径</h5>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">Windows操作系统的配置文件</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在Windows操作系统中，MySQL会按照下列路径<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">依次寻找并加载</strong>配置文件：</p>
<table style="margin: 2px 0 14px; color: #333; width: auto; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box;"><thead style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">路径名称</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">备注</th></tr></thead><tbody style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">%WINDIR%\my.ini， %WINDIR%\my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">%WINDIR%指的是你机器上Windows目录的位置，可以使用echo %WINDIR%命令查看</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">C:\my.ini， C:\my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;"></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">BASEDIR\my.ini， BASEDIR\my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">BASEDIR指的是MySQL安装目录的路径</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">defaults-extra-file</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">命令行指定的额外配置文件路径</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">%APPDATA%\MySQL.mylogin.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">登录路径选项（仅限客户端），可以使用echo %APPDATA%命令查看</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在给定的前三个路径中，配置文件可以使用.ini的扩展名，也可以使用.cnf的扩展名；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">列表中最后一个名为.mylogin.cnf配置文件有点儿特殊，它不是一个纯文本文件（其他的配置文件都是纯文本文件），而是使用mysql_config_editor实用程序创建的加密文件。文件中只能包含一些用于启动客户端软件时连接服务器的一些选项，包括 host、user、password、port和 socket。而且它只能被客户端程序所使用；</li>
</ul>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">类Unix操作系统中的配置文件</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在类Unix操作系统中，MySQL会按照下列路径<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">依次寻找并加载</strong>配置文件：</p>
<table style="margin: 2px 0 14px; color: #333; width: auto; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box;"><thead style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">路径名称</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">备注</th></tr></thead><tbody style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">/etc/my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;"></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">/etc/mysql/my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;"></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">SYSCONFDIR/my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">在使用CMake构建MySQL时使用SYSCONFDIR选项指定的目录</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">$MYSQL_HOME/my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">特定于服务器的选项（仅限服务器）</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">defaults-extra-file</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">命令行指定的额外配置文件路径</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">~/.my.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">用户特定选项</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">~/.mylogin.cnf</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">用户特定的登录路径选项（仅限客户端）</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">SYSCONFDIR表示在使用CMake构建MySQL时使用SYSCONFDIR选项指定的目录。默认情况下，这是位于编译安装目录下的etc目录；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">MYSQL_HOME是一个环境变量，是我们自己设置的，该路径下的my.cnf文件中只能用于存放服务器程序相关的选项。如果使用mysqld_safe启动服务器程序，而且也没有主动设置这个MySQL_HOME环境变量的值，那这个环境变量的值将自动被设置为MySQL的安装目录；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">列表中的最后两个以~开头的路径是用户相关的，类UNIX 系统中都有一个当前登陆用户的概念，每个用户都可以有一个用户目录，~就代表这个用户目录，大家可以查看HOME环境变量的值来确定一下当前用户的用户目录，比方说我的macOS机器上的用户目录就是/Users/xiaohaizi。之所以说列表中最后两个配置文件是用户相关的，是因为不同的类UNIX系统的用户都可以在自己的用户目录下创建.my.cnf或者.mylogin.cnf，换句话说，不同登录用户使用的.my.cnf或者.mylogin.cnf配置文件是不同的；</li>
</ul>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">1-2-2 配置文件的内容</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">与在命令行中指定启动选项不同的是，配置文件中的启动选项被划分为若干个组，每个组有一个组名，用中括号<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">[]</code>扩起来：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[server]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[mysqld]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[mysqld_safe]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[client]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[mysql]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">[mysqladmin]<br/>
(具体的启动选项...)</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如：<br/>
<img src="02-启动选项、系统变量和状态变量_files/未命名1555493409.png" type="image/png" data-filename="未命名1555493409.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在配置文件中指定启动选项的语法类似于命令行语法，但是配置文件中只能使用长形式的选项。在配置文件中指定的启动选项不允许加--前缀，并且每行只指定一个选项，而且=周围可以有空白字符（命令行中选项名、=、选项值之间不允许有空白字符）。另外，在配置文件中，我们可以使用#来添加注释，从#出现直到行尾的内容都属于注释内容，读取配置文件时会忽略这些注释内容</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">配置文件中不同的选项组是给不同的启动命令使用的，如果选项组名称与程序名称相同，则组中的选项将专门应用于该程序。例如， [mysqld]和[mysql]组分别应用于mysqld服务器程序和mysql客户端程序。不过有两个选项组比较特别：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">[server]</code>组下边的启动选项将作用于所有的服务器程序；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">[client]</code>组下边的启动选项将作用于所有的客户端程序；</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">需要注意的一点是，mysqld_safe和mysql.server这两个程序在启动时都会读取[mysqld]选项组中的内容，为了直观感受一下，我们挑一些启动命令来看一下它们能读取的选项组都有哪些：</p>
<table style="margin: 2px 0 14px; color: #333; width: auto; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box;"><thead style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">启动命令</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">类别</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">能读取的组</th></tr></thead><tbody style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysqld</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动服务器</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysqld]、[server]</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysqld_safe</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动服务器</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysqld_safe]、[mysqld]、[server]</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysql.server</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动服务器</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysql.server]、[mysqld]、[server]</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysql</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动客户端</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysql]、[client]</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysqladmin</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动客户端</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysqladmin]、[client]</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">mysqldump</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">启动客户端</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">[mysqldump]、[client]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">如果想指定mysql.server程序的启动参数，则必须将它们放在配置文件中，而不是放在命令行中。mysql.server仅支持start和stop作为命令行参数；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">特定MySQL版本的专用选项组</strong>：<br/>
我们可以在选项组的名称后加上特定的MySQL版本号，比如对于[mysqld]选项组来说，我们可以定义一个<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">[mysqld-5.7]</code>的选项组，它的含义和[mysqld]一样，只不过只有版本号为5.7的mysqld程序才能使用这个选项组中的选项；</li>
</ul>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">1-2-3 配置文件的优先级</h5>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">配置文件加载顺序</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">MySQL将按照我们在上表中给定的顺序依次读取各个配置文件，如果该文件不存在则忽略。值得注意的是，如果我们在多个配置文件中设置了相同的启动选项，那以最后一个配置文件中的为准。</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">同一个配置文件中多个组的优先级</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">同一个命令可以访问配置文件中的多个组，比如mysqld可以访问[mysqld]、[server]组，如果在同一个配置文件不同组中出现了同样的配置项，将以最后一个出现的组中的启动选项为准。</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">defaults-file的使用</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果不想让MySQL到默认的路径下搜索配置文件（就是上表中列出的那些），可以在命令行指定defaults-file选项，比如这样（以UNIX系统为例）：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">mysqld --defaults-file=/tmp/myconfig.txt</code></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">这样，在程序启动的时候将 <strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">只在</strong> /tmp/myconfig.txt路径下搜索配置文件。如果文件不存在或无法访问，则会发生错误。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">注意<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">defaults-extra-file</code>和<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">defaults-file</code>的区别，使用<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">defaults-extra-file</code>可以指定额外的配置文件搜索路径（也就是说那些固定的配置文件路径也会被搜索）</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-3 命令行和配置文件中启动选项的区别</h4>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在命令行上指定的绝大部分启动选项都可以放到配置文件中，但是有一些选项是专门为命令行设计的，比方说defaults-extra-file、defaults-file这样的选项本身就是为了指定配置文件路径的，再放在配置文件中使用就没啥意义了；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">如果同一个启动选项既出现在命令行中，又出现在配置文件中，那么以命令行中的启动选项为准；</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2. 系统变量</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">MySQL服务器程序运行过程中会用到许多影响程序行为的变量，它们被称为MySQL系统变量，比如允许同时连入的客户端数量用系统变量max_connections表示，表的默认存储引擎用系统变量default_storage_engine表示，查询缓存的大小用系统变量query_cache_size表示，MySQL服务器程序的系统变量有好几百条，我们就不一一列举了。每个系统变量都有一个默认值，我们可以使用命令行或者配置文件中的选项在启动服务器时改变一些系统变量的值。大多数的系统变量的值也可以在程序运行过程中修改，而无需停止并重新启动它。</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1 系统变量常用操作</h4>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">2-1-1 查看系统变量</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">查看系统变量及其默认值：<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SHOW VARIABLES [ LIKE 匹配的模式 ]</code></p>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">2-1-1 设置系统变量</h5>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">通过启动选项设置</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">大部分的系统变量都可以通过启动服务器时传送启动选项的方式来进行设置，启动选项设置方式：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">通过命令行添加启动选项，设置系统变量</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">通过配置文件添加启动选项，设置系统变量</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">注意：对于启动选项来说，如果启动选项名由多个单词组成，各个单词之间用短划线-或者下划线_连接起来都可以，但是对应的系统变量之间必须使用下划线_连接起来</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">服务器程序运行过程中设置</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">对于大部分系统变量来说，它们的值可以在服务器程序运行过程中进行动态修改而无需停止并重启服务器；</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">多个客户端程序可以同时连接到一个服务器程序。对于同一个系统变量，我们有时想让不同的客户端有不同的值，<br/>
但是这样各个客户端都私有一份系统变量会产生这么两个问题：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">有一些系统变量并不是针对单个客户端的，比如允许同时连接到服务器的客户端数量max_connections，查询缓存的大小query_cache_size，这些公有的系统变量让某个客户端私有显然不合适；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">一个新连接到服务器的客户端对应的系统变量的值该怎么设置？</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为了解决这两个问题，设计MySQL提出了系统变量的作用范围的概念，具体来说作用范围分为这两种：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">GLOBAL</code>：全局变量，影响服务器的整体操作</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SESSION</code>：会话变量，影响某个客户端连接的操作（注：别名LOCAL）</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在服务器启动时，会将每个全局变量初始化为其默认值（可以通过命令行或选项文件中指定的选项更改这些默认值）。然后服务器还为每个连接的客户端维护一组会话变量，客户端的会话变量在连接时使用相应全局变量的当前值初始化。<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">通过启动选项设置的系统变量的作用范围都是GLOBAL的</strong>，也就是对所有客户端都有效的，因为在系统启动的时候还没有客户端程序连接进来呢</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">a. 设置系统变量命令：</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">语法一：<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SET [ GLOBAL | SESSION ] sys_var_name=值</code><br/>
语法二：<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SET @@[ GLOBAL | SESSION ].sys_var_name=值</code><br/>
语法三：<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SET sys_var_name=值</code>，这种设置方式默认为当前会话，即SESSION级别</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">b. 查看系统变量命令：</h6>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SHOW [ GLOBAL | SESSION ] VARIABLES [ LIKE 匹配的模式 ]</code></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果某个客户端改变了某个系统变量在<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">GLOBAL</code>作用范围的值，并不会影响该系统变量在当前已经连接的客户端作用范围为<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SESSION</code>的值，只会影响后续连入的客户端在作用范围为<code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SESSION</code>的值。</p>
<h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">注意：</h6>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">并不是所有系统变量都具有GLOBAL和SESSION的作用范围<br/>
a. 有一些系统变量只具有GLOBAL作用范围，比方说max_connections，表示服务器程序支持同时最多有多少个客户端程序进行连接；<br/>
b. 有一些系统变量只具有SESSION作用范围，比如insert_id，表示在对某个包含AUTO_INCREMENT列的表进行插入时，该列初始的值；<br/>
c. 有一些系统变量的值既具有GLOBAL作用范围，也具有SESSION作用范围，比如我们前边用到的default_storage_engine，而且其实大部分的系统变量都是这样的。</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">有些系统变量是只读的，并不能设置值<br/>
比方说version，表示当前MySQL的版本，我们客户端是不能设置它的值的，只能在SHOW VARIABLES语句里查看。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">3. 启动选项和系统变量的区别</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">启动选项是在程序启动时我们程序员传递的一些参数，而系统变量是影响服务器程序运行行为的变量，它们之间的关系如下：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">大部分的系统变量都可以被当作启动选项传入；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">有些系统变量是在程序运行过程中自动生成的，是不可以当作启动选项来设置，比如auto_increment_offset、character_set_client啥的；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">有些启动选项也不是系统变量，比如defaults-file。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">4. 状态变量</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为了让我们更好的了解服务器程序的运行情况，MySQL服务器程序中维护了好多关于程序运行状态的变量，它们被称为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">状态变量</strong>；比方说Threads_connected表示当前有多少客户端与服务器建立了连接，Handler_update表示已经更新了多少行记录等等。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">由于状态变量是用来显示服务器程序运行状况的，所以它们的值<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">只能由服务器程序自己来设置</strong>，我们程序员是不能设置的。与系统变量类似，状态变量也有GLOBAL和SESSION两个作用范围的，所以查看状态变量的语句可以这么写：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><code style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; color: #c1788b; padding: 4px 4px 2px 0; letter-spacing: -.3px;">SHOW [GLOBAL|SESSION] STATUS [LIKE 匹配的模式]；</code></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果不写明作用范围，默认的作用范围是SESSION。</p>
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